Vivitar Series 1 program is an international effort dedicated to designing and producing advanced-technology optical systems for the professional and advanced amateur in 35mm film photography. These lenses were designed by Vivitar specialists and produced by third-party manufacturers such as Cosina, Kino Precision, Komine and Tokina. Catadioptric lenses were developed and manufactured in the USA in collaboration with the reflex lens specialists of the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, a company with vast experience in satellite-deployed astronomical optics. As Vivitar decided not to aggressively pursue the AF technology, all Series 1 AF lenses not only were produced, but also designed by Sigma.